The Woodrow Wilson Center Press
Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict and the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia
With ongoing war crimes trials, the yet unsettled status of Kosovo, and the odd assortment of new states struggling to create, reorder, and maintain political institutions, economies, and societies, the countries of the former Yugoslavia continue to challenge not only themselves but also the international community. Diplomacy on the Edge tells about the international efforts to mediate the political, economic, and social climate of these countries in 1991–2004 when some of the struggles were deadly. It adds to the literature on peacemaking and offers an important reflection on the future of the Balkans.
Geert-Hinrich Ahrens is uniquely positioned to tell this story. He has traveled widely in the Balkans since the 1950s and speaks four of the regional languages, including fluent Serbo-Croatian. He is also a senior German diplomat who participated in several of the international mediation efforts of the 1990s. An eyewitness to much of the story, he is also familiar with important official documents and archives, and he supports his account through the scholarly literature and the growing library of memoirs of participants. The book focuses on the years 1991–1996 and on the activities of the Minorities Working Group of the Conference on Yugoslavia, headed by the author. The Working Group was the principal UN and European Community diplomatic effort to grapple with ethnic conflicts in the Croatian Krajina, Kosovo, Macedonia, and southern Serbia. Ahrens also provides the general history of the conflicts and brings the story up through 2004.
What People are Saying
"Ambassador Ahrens participated from the start in efforts to mediate conflict in the former Yugoslavia. He had the unusual advantage of knowing Yugoslavia well (which other mediators did not) and speaking Serbo-Croatian. The study should provoke renewed interest, and perhaps debate, about the actions of the major figures in the drama."—Paul Shoup, Professor Emeritus, University of Virginia
"Geert Ahrens spent a decade as a top diplomat negotiating peace in the former Yugoslavia. He has written a superb memoir of European and American diplomacy beginning with the fruitless effort to head off the violent break up of Yugoslavia in 1991 through the Croatia and Bosnia peace negotiations in the first half of the 1990s and culminating in the Kosova War in 1999. Candid and lucidly written, Diplomacy on the Edge is an important contribution to the history of the Balkans in the 1990s by a professional diplomat who helped shape that history."—Peter W. Galbraith, U.S. Ambassador to Croatia 1993–1998
Chapter List
Maps
Table
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author's Note, Autumn 2006
Abbreviations
Introduction
Part I. International Mediation Focused on All of Former Yugoslavia
1 The Ethnicities of Yugoslavia in 1991
2 The Conferences on Yugoslavia
3 The Minorities Working Group
4 Three Parameters for a Solution
Part II. Croatia
5 Croats and Serbs
6 The Carrington Conference and Croatia (1991–1992)
7 Stagnation (1993–1995)
8 From the Z-4 Plan Back to War (1995)
9 After the "Storm" (1995–1996)
Part III. Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
10 Bosnia and Herzegovina19711The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
12 Sandzak
13 Vojvodina
14 Albanians of Montenegro and Southern Serbia
Part IV. Kosovo
15 Albanians and Slavs until 1945
16 Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugo
17 The Carrington Conference: Standstill (1991–1992)
18 Negotiations at Last (1992–1993)
19 Disruption of Mediation, Last Attempt, and Aftermath (1993–1999)
Part V. Macedonia
20 Macedonia and Its Four Neighbors
21 The Carrington Conference and the Albanian Problem (1991–1992)
22 Macedonia's Other Minorities
23 The ICFY and the Albanian Problem (1992–1996)
24 Neglect and Its Consequences (1996–2001)
Part VI. Appraisal of the International Intervention
25 Results: The Former Yugoslavia in 2004
26 Crisis Assessment and Intervention
27 Interaction with the Yugoslavs
28 Unity and Disunity
29 Negotiators, Negotiations, and Their Limits
Conclusions: Future Tasks and Lessons Learned
Notes
Selected Bibliography
Subject Index
Name Index
Map 1. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Map 2. Croatia: ethnic composition by municipalities (1981) and United Nations Protected Areas
Map 3. Bosnia and Herzegovina: ethnic composition by municipalities (1981
Map 4. Sandzak: ethnic composition by municipalities (1981)
Map 5. Vojvodina: ethnic composition by municipalities (1981)
Map 6. Montenegro: ethnic composition by municipalities (1981)
Map 7. Albanian areas of settlement by municipalities (1981)
Map 8. Macedonia: ethnic composition by municipalities (1981)
Map 9.The Balkans today